SHORT REFERENCES IN TEXT: RULES

(Cohan & Shires 1988, p.15)
Cohan and Shires (1988, p.15) found ..........

Rule: '&' links authors names in brackets; the word 'and' links authors' names in text.

(Jones 1989, vol. 3, p.67)

Rule: Give the volume number first, then the page number, separated by a comma.

WHAT IF THERE IS NO AUTHOR'S NAME?

For example, anonymous newspaper articles, where the answer to the question "Who wrote it?" is not available.

Give the title, which must be in italics or underlined:

(Financial Review 23 Jan.1993, p.22)
The Financial Review (23 Jan. 1993, p.22) reported that ..........

If the name of an organisation or government department is given, use it instead of author or title:

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 1993, p.34)

According to figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (1993, p.34) family income rose significantly.

WHAT IF THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR HAS BEEN QUOTED OR CITED BY ANOTHER AUTHOR?

Remember the first rules of referencing: who wrote it and where did you find it?

(Lake in Bulbeck 1993, p.170)

This tells the reader that Lake was the original author who said it but you found the quote on page 170 of a book written by Bulbeck.

(Horne in Study Guide HH11012 1994, p.26)

This tells the reader that Horne was the original author of the material you are using, and you found the material in your study guide.

WHAT IF THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S WORK APPEARS AS A CHAPTER IN A COLLECTION EDITED BY SOMEONE ELSE?

Treat this case as though the author of the chapter were the only author involved, and include the editors' names and the title of the edited collection in your List of References, under the surname of the author of the specific chapter (see rules for List of References under "A chapter in an edited book"). Give the date of the edited collection.

(Rickson 1994, p.29)

WHAT IF THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S WORK APPEARS IN PHOTOCOPIED FORM IN A DOSSER/SELECTED READINGS?

Since you found the material in a reproduced form of the original, follow the normal rules for referencing:

(Grenville 1988, p.45)

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books (A)

Bulbeck, Chilla 193, Social Sciences in Australia: An Introduction, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Sydney.
Cohan, Steven & Shires, Linda 1988, Telling Stories: A Theoretical Analysis of Narrative Fiction, Routledge, New York.

Rules:
The sequence to be followed is: author's surname, first name, date, title, publisher, place of publication.

The title of the book appears in italics (or underlined if you cannot use italics) and all major words in the title start with a capital letter.

Co-authors' names are linked by &.

What if there is more than one date of publication listed in the book?

In most cases the date of the edition where you found the reference is sufficient.

In the case of a classic text (often first published in a previous century) the date of first publication can appear in brackets after the date of the modern edition you are using:

Carrol, Lewis 1960 (1865), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, New American Library, New York.

What if more than one place of publication is listed in the book?

Use the first-listed name, which indicates where the book you are using was published.

 Books (B)

Walter, James (ed.) 1989, Australian Studies: A Survey, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Gale, G.Fay & Brookman, Alison (eds) 1975, Race Relations in Australia: The Aborigines, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.

Rule:

The only difference between an edited book and a book written by an author or co-authors is the addition of (ed.) or (eds) before the date.

Note that ed. requires a full stop (since it does not end in the same letter as the complete word) but eds requires no full stop (since it ends in the same letter as the full word); the same rule applies to vol. and vols.

 Books (C)

Garton, Stephen 1989, 'Aboriginal history', in James Walter (ed.) Australian Studies: A Survey, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Rules:

The author of the chapter is followed by the publication date of the book in which the chapter appears, which is followed by the title of the chapter.

The title of a chapter (or article, essay, poem, short story that forms part of a larger text) is in regular font (not italics), is put inside quotation marks and only the first word starts with a capital letter.

The editor's name appears in normal sequence (first name first) and is followed by (ed.), followed by the title of the whole book (italicised or underlined), the publisher, and the place of publication. If there is more than one editor, include all the names in normal word order, followed by (eds).

An article in a journal or newspaper is referenced as follows:

Tichner, Robert 1994, 'Land Rights in the '90's', New Statesman, vol. 6, no.3 (October), 12-13.

Reekie, Gail 1992, 'Women and heritage policy', Culture and Policy, vol. 4, 31 - 48.

Rules:

The rules are very similar to those for a chapter in a book.

The title of the article, like the title of a chapter, is in regular font, inside quotation marks and with only the first letter of the first word in capitals.

No publisher or place of publication is required for journals or newspapers
(i.e. non-books)

Page numbers of journal articles are required, and are listed without the "pp." as shown, following the volume number. Page numbers of newspaper articles should be given if available.

If the journal also includes a "no." (for "Number') and a month as well as a year, include both in your reference.

A newspaper article with no named author is referenced as follows:

Financial Review 23 Jan. 1993, 'Market rising', p.15.

Office of the Status of Women 1981, Fair Exposure, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Rules:

The government department tor organisation appears in place of the author.

The title of the publication is followed by the publisher; in most cases the publisher is the Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS).

Newsfront 1978, motion picture, Palm Beach Pictures, Sydney, Director Phil Noyce.

No Time to Retire 1993, video recording, Griffith University, Brisbane, Producer Sarah Rickson.

Rules:

The titles of films, video recordings or television productions are in italics.

Identity, as for interviews and lectures, if the source was a motion picture, video recording or television production.

The company or organisation, place of recording and producer or director should be included.

There as yet no uniform world-wide rules for referencing information from the Internet. What follows is a suggestion taken from a paper prepared by Anita Greenhill and Gordon Fletcher in the Faculty of Humanities, Griffith University.

Referencing World Wide Web pages:

These pages can be referenced in a manner similar to that of conventional print sources. The author, title and date of the page can be extracted and used conventionally. The publisher information is replaced by the URL (or computer address) of the document.

As an example:

Brenner, Anita 195, The Murder Trial: Genre or Event-Scene?, C-Theory [ONLINE]
Available www url http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/ctheory/e-murder_trial.htm1.

In this example, it is worth noting that this document is part of the electronic journal C-Theory, and that no additionally useful conventional details, such as volume or pages, are available.

Rules:

Take all the information that is available from your Web page (author, title, year of publication).

Copy the URL (Uniform Resource Locater) exactly, being careful to maintain the exact format of the original, including capital and small letters, spaces, full stops and slashes.

Try not to break up the URL on different lines of your text. However, if it is necessary to break up an internal reference, do so directly before or after a slash to minimise possible reading errors.

You can reference GOPHER resources in the same manner. The major distinction is the inclusion of gopher:// at the beginning of the URL and unusual file and directory names.

From Geography Panel

Referencing

Data gained from the Internet must be acknowledged. One method (Parnell) is to give the format, date retrieved, version and file address. The file address should be given as a separate line. For example:

Writing HTM: A tutorial for creating www pages (online) (9 Aug. 1995). Version 1.5. Retrieved via Netscape.
http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu:80/tut/

Student Skills

Skills required by students to develop computer maps differs according to the type of computer software being used. For example, maps generated by such programs as PC Globe do not require any analytical skills. However considerable analytical skills are needed to create maps using GIS. Since this technology is new some panellists may not be able to recognise the skills required to produce such maps. Thus, schools submitting work to panels need to indicate clearly the level of student input required in the conditions of implementation and task sheet.